HEMODYNAMIC DISORDERS UG

ESSAY QUESTIONS
  1. A 40 year old male presented with fracture of femur. On 4th day he suddenly developed breathlessness, tachycardia and fever.
                a. What is the probable diagnosis
                b. Write on the pathogenesis of the condition
                c. What are the special stains used for diagnosis
                    (Answer: Fat embolism)                                                                                                                         ( YSRUHS April 2024)
2. A 55years old lady was brought to the emergency room unconscious with history of road accident. She sustained multiple injuries, fractures of femur and tibia. These fractures are stabilized at surgery soon after admission. However 2 days after admission, she suddenly becomes dyspneic and developed tachypnoea and tachycardia, irritability, restlessness and it progressed to delirelium, coma and death on 7th day
    1. What is the provisional diagnosis
    2. Discuss the pathogenesis  of the lesion
    3. Describe microscopic picture of the lungs in the above condition
    4. How frozen section of lung tissue help in final diagnosis at autopsy and mention various stains specific for it  (Answer : Fat embolism and its consequences)           (NTRUHS, March 2021)
3. Define shock. List the major types of shock with suitable examples. Describe the pathogenesis of septic shock (Pondicherry university 2018)
4. A 55 years old lady was brought to the emergency room unconscious. her blood pressure was very low. pulse was weak and rapid. Her skin was warm and flushed. Her blood culture revealed growth of gram positive bacteria.
                   a. What is possible diagnosis
                   b. Describe the pathogenesis of this condition
                   c. Describe the stages of this disorder
                    (Answer: Septic Shock)                   (Dr.NTRUHS Jan 2015) 
5. A 60 year old patient long history of rheumatoid arthritis presented with enlarged tongue and a history of diarrhoea. Urine shows positive heat test for proteins and ECG shows conduction disturbances.
                   a. What is the possible diagnosis and what will be ideal site for biopsy to confirm it
                   b. Name the lab technique for definite diagnosis
                   c. Write four types of this abnormal substance and their associated diseases
                   d. Give structural details of the substance 
                 (Answer : Amyloidosis)                          (NTRUHS July 2014)
6. Define shock. Write about the classification, etiology, pathogenesis and morphological changes in various organs in shock (RGUHS- Jan 2008)
7. Define shock. What are the different types of shock? Describe the pathogenesis of septic shock. (RGUHS- Jun 2012, Dec 2012)
8. Discus pathogenesis of septic shock. Enumerate various stages in evolution of Shock. Describe the various morphological changes in various organs in shock  (RGUHS- Jun 2010)
9. Define and describe the formation and pathogenesis of thrombus. Add a note on fate of the thrombus (RGUHS, July 2008, Jun 2011, Dec 2013)
10. Define thrombosis. Describe the etiopathogenesis, pathology and fate of thrombosis in detail (RGUHS- Jan 2009, Jun 2009,Dec 2013)
11. Define Embolism. Discuss different types of Emboli. (RGUHS- Dec 2011)
12. An young stout male met with an accident. He sustained multiple injuries, fractures of femur and tibia. These fractures are stabilized at surgery soon after admission. He is in a stable condition. However 2 days after admission he suddenly becomes dyspneic and developed tachypnea and tachycardia, irritability, restlessness and it progressed to delirium,  coma and death on 7th day.
             a.      What is the provisional diagnosis
             b.      Discuss the pathogenesis of the lesion
             c.       Describe microscopic picture of the lungs in the above condition
             d.      How frozen sections of the lung tissue help in final diagnosis at autopsy and mention various stains specific for it.
(Answer : Fat embolism and its consequences)
SHORT QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)
  1. Define thrombosis. Describe the virchows triad (YSRUHS, April 2024)
  2. Differences between transudate and exudate (YSRUHS, April 2024)
  3. Types of infarct (YSRUHS, April 2024)
  4. Describe the morphology of different types of infarcts with examples (RGUHS Feb 2023)
  5. Define infarct and enumerate the factors that determine the outcome of an infarct (NTRUHS, Dec 2022)
  6. Explain briefly on Disseminated intravascular coagulation (NTRUHS, Feb 2022)
  7. Pathogenesis of Septic shock ( SVIMS Oct 2021, NTRUHS Feb 2020)
  8. Define and discuss the pathogenesis of edema (Pondicherry university June 2019)
  9. Etiopathogenesis of septic shock (RGUHS Dec 2014, NTRUHS 2018, NTRUHS Feb 2018,July 2017, May 2006)
  10. List four examples for edema due to reduced plasma osmotic pressure (NTRUHS Feb 2018)
  11. Enumerate four causes of disseminated intravascular coagulation ( DIC) (NTRUHS Jan 2016)
  12. Pathogenesis of Endotoxic shock  (NTRUHS July / Aug 2014)
  13. Etiology and pathogenesis of fat embolism (NTRUHS Jan, 2014)
  14. Air embolism (NTRUHS July, 2015,RGUHS- Jun 2010, Dec 2013 )
  15. Systemic thromboembolism (NTRUHS July 2016, Jan 12)
  16. Amniotic fluid embolism (RGUHS- Jun 2008)
  17. Define shock. Pathogenesis of septic shock. (RGUHS-Jun 2008,Jan 2009,Dec 2009, Dec 2011, Jul 2012)       
  18. Fate of thrombus (NTRUHS February, 2009, RGUHS- Jan 2008, Jun 2009, Jul 2012)
  19. Exudate (NTRUHS Feb, 2009)
  20. Pathogenesis of Cardiac oedema (NTRUHS May, 2007, RGUHS- Jan 2008, Jun 2008, Jun 2010)
  21. Renal oedema/ Nephritic edema (RGUHS- Jun 2009,Jun 2011)
  22. Pulmonary Odema (RGUHS- Jan 2009)
  23. Differences between Transudate and exudate (RGUHS- Dec 2009)
  24. Thromboembolism (NTRUHS April 2008, April 2009)
  25. Septic shock (NTRUHS May 2006)
  26. CVC liver(Nutmeg liver)– causes, gross and microscopy (NTRUHS-Oct 2005, RGUHS- Jun 2010)
  27. CVC Lung/Brown induration of Lung (RGUHS- Jun 2009, Jun 2010, Dec 2011,Jul 2012)
  28. Chronic venous congestion – liver & lung (RGUHS- Dec 2012)
  29. Define Infarction.Types of infarcts with examples and sites (RGUHS- Jun 2013, Dec 2013)
  30. Define edema. Mentionthe types & write the pathogenesis in brief (RGUHS- Dec 2012)
  31. Shock (RGUHS-Dec 2009)
  32. Embolism (RGUHS- Dec 2009)
  33. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (RGUHS- Jun 2008, Jun 2009)
 
 
VERY SHORT QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)
  1. Virchows triad (RGUHS Feb 2023)
  2. Fate of thrombus (NTRUHS Feb 2019, RGUHS Dec 2018, NTRUHS Feb 2017,  July, 2013, 2011 August, 2010, May 2006, Oct 2005)
  3. Organisation of Thrombus (RGUHS – Jan 2008)
  4. Hypovolaemic Shock (NTRUHS July, 2011)
  5. Phlebothrombosis (NTRUHS January, 2011)
  6. Types of embolism (RGUHS-Jul 2012)
  7. Embolism (RGUHS- Jan 2009)
  8. What is paradoxical embolism?  Give an example (NTRUHS March, 2010)
  9. Mural thrombus (NTRUHS August, 2009)
  10. Stages of shock (NTRUHS Sept/Oct, 2007)
  11. Transudate (RGUHS- Jul 2012)
  12. Transudate and exudates (RGUHS, Jan 2008)
  13. Differences between Transudate and exudate (RGUHS- Jan 2008, Dec 2009)
  14. Organization of thrombus (RGUHS, Jan 2008)
  15. What are heart failure cells? Mention the special stains used for demonstration (RGUHS, July 2008)
  16. Shock lung (NTRUHS April 2008)
  17.  Amniotic fluid embolism (NTRUHS May 2006, RGUHS- Jun 2009)
  18. Air embolism (NTRUHS April 2005, RGUHS- Jan 2009)
  19. Paradoxical embolism (NTRUHS May 2004)
  20. Decompensated shock (NTRUHS April 2003)
  21. Nutmeg liver
  22. Define Infarction.Types of infarcts with examples and sitesm (RGUHS- Dec 2009, Jul 2012, Jun 2013)
  23. Differences between thrombus and postmortem clot. (RGUHS- Jun 2009)
  24.